Basque Fact of the Week: Pierre de Lancre, Basque Hunter of Basque Witches

It is seemingly part of human nature that we most vehemently attack that which is somehow a part of us. Pierre de Lancre was no different. One of the most infamous persecutors of Basque witches, he himself had Basque ancestry, an ancestry that his family seemed to deny. De Lancre felt that all aspects of the Basque culture reflected the inherent tendency of Basques toward evil.

An image from one of de Lancre’s books depicting witches flying on brooms, as drawn by Jan Ziarnko. Image from Cornell University Library.
  • Pierre de Lancre was born in 1553. His grandfather, Bernard de Rosteguy, was a wealthy wine grower and was from Joxue, a town in Nafarroa Beherea in Iparralde. Thus, de Lancre had Basque ancestry – Rosteguy is a respelling of Aroztegi, which means ‘home of the smith.’ His father became Lord of Lancre by purchasing a position under the king. This led to a new name for the family, foregoing their Basque name.
  • de Lancre attended the Jesuit college, receiving a law degree in 1576. In 1582 he was named a councillor or judge of the parliament of Bordeaux. It was in this roll that he oversaw the witch-hunt of Lapurdi, for which he became infamous.
  • In 1609, the King of France, Henry IV, sent him to investigate allegations of local witchcraft. His investigations uncovered rampant witchcraft – he ultimately suspected 10% of the population – nearly 3000 people – of being witches. As a result of his trials, he executed some 70 people, maybe even as many as 300. Many were women who were accused of adultery and debauchery with the devil, though many children and a few priests were also executed.
  • During the trials, many of the local men were away fishing in the waters of Newfoundland. When they returned, they were incensed by what had happened to their families and threatened rebellion. To quell their anger, the authorities in Bordeaux recalled de Lancre, ending the hunt.
  • After the trials were concluded and de Lancre was recalled, he published his Tableau de l’inconstance des mauvais anges et démons où il est ample traité des sorciers et de la sorcellerie, describing his investigations. In it, he railed against the evil inclinations of the people of Lapurdi, the intrinsic perversity of women, the preparation of the Sabbath, poisons, the crowing of the cock, demonological pacts, marks and feasts, dances, intercourse with the devil, lycanthropy, healing practices, apparitions, witch-priests, and the black mass, amongst other topics.
  • His most famous work was republished in 1982. In it, Nicole Jacques Chaquin writes in her forward that “Lancre stresses the disorders caused by a love of freedom detrimental to the proper functioning of central power” and that “Lancre will show evidence of a lack of understanding of the social and economic habits of the rural Laburdi, which will be presented to him with an effect of foreignness that he will ‘naturally’ attribute to the diabolical.”
  • There is speculation that this denial of his Basque heritage led de Lancre to hate all things Basque. He considered “Basques to be ignorant, superstitious, proud and irreligious. Basque women were in his eyes libertines and Basque priests were for him just womanizers with no religious zeal. He believed that the root of the natural Basque tendency towards evil was love of dance.”

A full list of all of Buber’s Basque Facts of the Week can be found in the Archive.

Primary sources: Arozamena Ayala, Ainhoa; Elia Itzultzaile automatikoa. Lancre, Pierre de. Auñamendi Encyclopedia, 2025. Available at: https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/en/lancre-pierre-de/ar-84793/; Pierre de Lancre, Wikipedia; Pierre de Lancre, Wikipedia

Basque Proverb of the Week: Proverb #20

Ardi galdua atzeman daiteke, aldi galdua berriz ez.

One may recover a lost sheep, but not lost time.

Image generated by Buber using ChatGPT.

These proverbs were collected by Jon Aske. For the full list, along with the origin and interpretation of each proverb, click this link.

Basque Fact of the Week: Basque Sculptor Eduardo Chillida

One of the aspects of Basque culture that has always fascinated me is the mix of tradition with the most cutting edge ideas. Growing up in the Basque communities of the American West, I was exposed more to the traditional aspects of the culture – the dancing, the singing – and less to the avant garde that seems to define much of modern Basque culture, such as the radical rock. Basque art is no different, with some of the most important artists working in abstract spaces that, while feeling counter to the ancient traditions, are still rooted in them. Perhaps the most famous Basque sculptor, Eduardo Chillida epitomized this dichotomy.

Chillida with one of his stone sculptures. Photo from the Museo Chillida Leku.
  • Eduardo Chillida Juantegui was born in Donostia on January 10, 1924. His parents were Pedro Chillida and Carmen Juantegui, who was a soprano. Chillida was a goalkeeper for Real Sociedad until a devastating knee injury ended his career, after which he studied architecture in Madrid before switching to art and studying in Paris.
  • From a young age, his parents encouraged a sensitivity for art in him and his siblings. They would lock them in a room and ask them to observe the objects, to hone an awareness of everything around them, and then ask them to describe those objects after.
  • It was only after returning from Paris in 1951, a bit despondent, that he both truly connected with his Basque identity and began working in iron. In Hernani, he created his first abstract sculpture, called Ilarik, that was inspired by Basque funerary steles. By 1954, he was being commissioned to create the doors to the Sanctuary of Arantzazu. In 1961, he began sculpting in wood and, in 1963, after a trip to Greece, in alabaster. Later, he also worked in concrete and clay.
  • In 1975, he created the logo for the University of the Basque Country, which is still used today along with the motto Eman ta zabalzazu – give and spread – taken from Jose Mari Iparragirre‘s Gernikako Arbola. A few years later, he began work on one of his most famous pieces, the Haizeen orrazia in La Concha Bay of Donostia.
  • Chillida has been highly recognized for his work across the globe. Accolades include the Grand International Prize for Sculpture at the 29th Venice Biennale in 1958, the Kandinsky Prize, the Wilhelm Lehmbruck Prize, the German Kaissering Prize, the Prince of Asturias Prize, and the Imperial Japanese Prize. In 1993, he was named a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Correspondingly, his work appears all over the world.
  • In 2000, the Chillida-Leku museum opened in Hernani on the grounds of a sixteenth century baserri he and his wife purchased in the 1980s. It showcases many of Chillida’s works in a natural setting, harmonizing his art with nature. He died a couple of years later in 2002 in Donostia.
  • Chillida is quoted describing his work: “My whole Work is a journey of discovery in Space. Space is the liveliest of all, the one that surrounds us. …I do not believe so much in experience. I think it is conservative. I believe in perception, which is something else. It is riskier and more progressive. There is something that still wants to progress and grow. Also, this is what I think makes you perceive, and perceiving directly acts upon the present, but with one foot firmly planted in the future. Experience, on the other hand, does the contrary: you are in the present, but with one foot in the past. In other words, I prefer the position of perception. All of my work is the progeny of the question. I am a specialist in asking questions, some without answers.”

A full list of all of Buber’s Basque Facts of the Week can be found in the Archive.

Primary sources: Zabalaga-Leku. Hernani; Elia Itzultzaile automatikoa. Chillida Juantegui, Eduardo. Auñamendi Encyclopedia. Available at: https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/en/chillida-juantegui-eduardo/ar-36023/; Eduardo Chillida, Wikipedia

Basque Proverb of the Week: Proverb #19

Apaizaren eltzea, txikia baina betea.

The priest’s pot is small, but always full.

Image generated by Buber using ChatGPT.

These proverbs were collected by Jon Aske. For the full list, along with the origin and interpretation of each proverb, click this link.

Basque Fact of the Week: Oldest Known Tools Made of Whale Bone Found in the Bay of Biscay

Basques have long been associated with whaling. Records as far back as 670 highlight the importance that whale hunting was to the Basque economy and their way of life. However, the people that inhabited the region we now know as the Basque Country used resources from whales even earlier, many millennia earlier. New research has revealed that people on the coast of Bizkaia and the surrounding regions made tools from whale bones some 20,000 years ago.

Summary of the types of artifacts analyzed in this study and the animals of their origin.
  • A large collection of researchers spanning universities and research centers in Barcelona, Paris, Austria, Santander, Salamanca, Toulouse, Donostia, Switzerland, Oviedo, Denmark, and Canada, amongst others, examined a collection of whale bones found along the Bay of Biscay (Bizkaiko Golkoa in Basque). Using a number of techniques, they dated these bones to 16,000 to 22,000 years ago.
  • The most remarkable thing about this find is that some of these bones, a majority even, had been made into tools. That humans made various tools out of whale bone is nothing new, but this is now the oldest evidence of humans doing this, pushing back our understanding of when humans used whale bones in this way by at least 1,000 years.
  • Most of these objects are related to weapons, often being projectile points or foreshafts, similar to points made from antlers from a similar time period. Some of them are fragmented, suggesting they were crushed, and leading the researchers to speculate that maybe these bones were brought back to habitats for their fat and oil, which was extracted by crushing the bones.
  • In addition, the researchers were able to determine what kinds of whales these were – they use carbon versus nitrogen isotope ratios to identify the different species (you’ll have to dig into the paper for more details). Five different species were identified. Some are expected – sperm, blue, fin whales are still found in the Bay of Biscay today. However, gray and bowhead/right whales are only found in the Arctic, which means that the Bay of Biscay of some 20,000 years ago hosted an even richer biodiversity than it does now. This makes some sense as the waters were colder back then, more akin to today’s Arctic waters. Of course, some of these whales, particularly right whales, were extensively hunted off of the shores of the Basque Country, also contributing to their current absence. However, these whales were likely not hunted, but acquired “opportunistically” as they washed ashore, for example. The humans of the time simply didn’t have the capabilities to actually hunt whales.
  • Several of these fragments were found in the modern Basque Country, including in Iruroin, Ermittia, Urtiaga, and Isturitz. However, the generality of these discoveries along the Bay of Biscay suggest that the same types of peoples were responsible for all of these artifacts.
  • These types of studies not only shed light on human prehistory, but they provide a broader view of the past world. The researchers were able to also examine the diet of these whales via isotope analysis, finding that their diet and habitat was similar, for the most part, to what whales exhibit today. That said, there are differences that may be partially attributed to changing climate over the last 20+ millennia.

A full list of all of Buber’s Basque Facts of the Week can be found in the Archive.

Primary source: McGrath, K., van der Sluis, L.G., Lefebvre, A. et al. Late Paleolithic whale bone tools reveal human and whale ecology in the Bay of BiscayNat Commun 16, 4646 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59486-8

Basque Proverb of the Week: Proverb #18

Zu hor eta ni hemen.

Let’s agree to disagree.

Image generated by Buber using ChatGPT.

These proverbs were collected by Jon Aske. For the full list, along with the origin and interpretation of each proverb, click this link.

Basque Fact of the Week: Origin of the Motto Zazpiak Bat

The motto Zazpiak Bat – or the equation 4+3=1 – is a common way to express the unity of the seven historical Basque provinces. The Basque coat-of-arms is called zazpiak bat, but the phrase means more than just the coat-of-arms. It expresses the common cultural and historical legacy of Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, Araba, Nafarroa, Zuberoa, Lapurdi, and Nafarroa Beherea. It has become a unifying motto that can be seen and heard across the globe.

The poster designed by Jean Jaurgain that features the phrase Zazpiak Bat and the Basque coat of arms. Image from Wikipedia.
  • The phrase “Zazpiak Bat” as a way to describe the seven Basque provinces and their unity was first coined in the 1700s but became popular in the 1900s. In 1891, Felipe Casal wrote the poem Ama Euskarari in which he had the line “Zazpiak beti bat” – the seven are always one/united – that first wrote it in the modern form. However, the phrase goes back even further. In 1836, the Zuberoan Agosti Xaho dedicated his Basque grammar to “Zazpi Uskal Herrietako Uskalduner.”
  • The phrase started getting attention when Anton Abadia, an explorer, used it to close a banquet in his honor at the Lore Jokoak in 1892, a cultural festival he helped foster. The motto had adorned the streets of Donibane Lohitzune where the banquet was held. In fact, Jean Jaurgain had designed a poster for the festival that first combined the phrase “Zazpiak Bat” with a coat-of-arms featuring the seven provinces.
  • After that, it quickly spread, even reaching the Americas. By 1900, a songbook published by Jean Mendiague in Buenos Aires was entitled Zazpiak bat, Eskualdun kantuak. Even before that, in California, a Basque newspaper was using the phrase. Later on, several Euskal Etxeak of the Americas, with Rosario, Argentina perhaps being the first, used the phrase Zazpiak Bat as their name.
  • The phrase took hold in Hegoalde as well, particularly after the Second Carlist War. Poems expressing a desire for unity used images such as a mother with seven children or an oak with seven branches to represent the unity of the seven provinces – the zazpiak bat.
  • However, the sentiment behind this motto goes back even further. In 1765, the Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País coined the phrase “Irurac bat,” meaning the three are one, to refer to Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Araba. Later, the phrase “Laurak bat” was created to include Nafarroa, or all of the Basque provinces in Hegoalde.

A full list of all of Buber’s Basque Facts of the Week can be found in the Archive.

Primary sources: Urkizu Sarasua, Patricio; Urkizu Sarasua, Patricio. Zazpiak Bat. Auñamendi Encyclopedia. Available at: https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/en/zazpiak-bat/ar-146820/; Zazpiak Bat, Wikipedia; Zazpiak Bat, Wikipedia; Basque Literary History, edited by Mari Jose Olaziregi, translated by Amaia Gabantxo, published by Center for Basque Studies

Basque Proverb of the Week: Proverb #17

Amari egindako zorrak ez dira inoiz ordaintzen.

What one owes to one’s mother is never repaid.

Image generated by Buber using ChatGPT.

These proverbs were collected by Jon Aske. For the full list, along with the origin and interpretation of each proverb, click this link.

Remembering Dad by Telling His Stories

Today is dad’s birthday. He would have turned 81 today. I miss you, dad.

Dad came to the United States when he was 18. Like many immigrants, particularly those who came so young, he didn’t have many hobbies. Well, none that I know of. Before he came to the United States, he had been working in the Basque Country, on local baserriak, to help the family get by. He had quit school when he was 14, though not because he couldn’t do the school work – he just had to help the family. Dad was always sharp – he would help me with my arithmetic when I was a kid – he just didn’t know any advanced math.

While I was growing up, dad never really developed any hobbies either. When he wasn’t working, which it seemed like he was always doing, he’d hang out with other Basques or just relax at home. He often got home long after dark so there wasn’t much opportunity to do much anyways.

Dad frying up some txorixeros, preparing for a big feast.

Except his garden. That was his main thing when I was a kid. He had literally hundreds of pepper plants, primarily txorixeros, but also bell peppers. He had a few tomato plants too. Mostly he grew the peppers so he could fry them up in oil, which he would do whenever friends came over. I hated those peppers – still do. Dad would always tease me about that, especially how I loved chorizo but hated the peppers that were inside…

But, when I was a kid, that was it. He’d grow some other things, but more as an aside rather than as a real crop. He’d have some garlic, but it wasn’t until later that garlic became a big thing for him.

That happened about when I went to college. I don’t remember dad ever making jamón or chorizo when I was a kid, but as soon as I left for college, he seemed to find a passion for both. His homemade chorizo had a somewhat tangier, maybe gamier flavor than the Gem brand that was the de facto chorizo in the Boise area, but I grew to love that flavor. And his jamón… I swear, jamón serrano is better than candy – I can never get enough when I visit family in the Basque Country. And dad’s was great. He really perfected his process and it always turned out awesome.

Dad (far right) and some friends posing with the fruits of their labors – racks of chorizo.

For reasons I never fully understood, dad would pack his chorizo in milk jugs with the tops cut off, fill them with water, and freeze them. This was before he got a vacuum pack machine, so maybe it was because it was cheap, or maybe it’s how they might have done it back on the baserri (though they didn’t have electricity so no freezer). In any case, he’d send me back to school with jugs of frozen chorizos. I’d have to break them out of the ice and let them sit on my dorm room counter to thaw. People would walk by and always make some comment about my “turtle shells” – that’s what it sounded like to them when I said chorizo. But, anyone who was willing to try them always loved them.

About the same time, he started growing a lot more garlic, which he would braid up and give to family and friends. Sometimes people would insist on paying something for a braid, but dad never really did it for the money, it just gave him something to do and I think he liked being able to give it away like that. He’d grumble about how many people he had to make a braid for each year, but in the end I think it gave him a sense of purpose.

Dad braiding up some of his garlic.

When dad got sick and was forced to retire, it was hard not having any other hobbies. His garden and his jamón and chorizo would take some of his time, but he didn’t have the same outlets many of us have to while away the day. He didn’t read, he didn’t have a shop per se, and without his truck he didn’t have something to tinker on. For a man who spent his whole life working with his hands, it was hard when that was taken away from him, especially during the long weeks and sometimes months he was in the hospital. He didn’t have a hobby that engaged his brain and I think that led to a lot of boredom.

He later got a cellphone and would be on it all the time with his friends and even his family back in the Basque Country, a striking change from when I was a kid and he’d call his family maybe once or twice a year because it was so expensive. Now, he was on his phone seemingly daily talking to his brothers and sisters. That helped fill the gap some.

Supposedly, when dad was a kid, he had thought about becoming a carpenter and, if he hadn’t come to the United States, maybe that’s what he would have done. In a different world, where his business had been more successful, I could see that dad might have built a wood shop. As it was, he didn’t do much but once in a while he would bust out the saws and hammers and build small things. I think, given the opportunity, he would have really enjoyed building things.

I know dad’s story isn’t unique. I’ve talked to some of his friends and they all have the same challenge – once their bodies don’t let them do all of the hard work they’ve done all of their lives, what’s next? There is only so much Little House on the Prairie or Walker, Texas Ranger you can watch. I think dad found some relief by hanging with his friends, but I also don’t think it was ever quite enough. These days it seems we have some many little distractions that add up and suck our days away, but for dad and his generation, they never quite had that. Maybe in the old country they would have gone out for a drink or danced or sang. They’d meet up in the Herriko Taberna and just pass the day away playing cards. And dad did start playing cards when he was older – I never saw him play when I was a kid. But, it’s harder to find that group of friends, even in a small town, in the United States. Everything is so spread out and everyone is doing their own thing. I do wonder how things would have been different for him if he had never left the Basque Country. But then, I wouldn’t be here, so I’m glad he did. Yet another sacrifice he made to build a life in the United States.

Thanks to Lisa Van De Graaff for encouraging me to record dad and his stories when I could. Lisa took the photo at the top.